High blood pressure

Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure, a silent killer of older cats.

What causes hypertension in cats?

Hypertension is usually secondary to another disease. Kidney disease is the most common cause of hypertension but cats with adrenal gland tumours or treated for hyperthyroidism also develop high blood pressure at times. Sometimes no underlying cause is found.

Most cats with hypertension are older than 9 years of age.

What are the effects of hypertension?

Hypertension damages all body organs but we notice it most in:

• the eyes. The small vessels in the retina break under pressure. The bleeding detaches the retina and the cat becomes blind.
• the brain. Ruptured blood vessels cause ‘strokes’, fits, twitches or unusual behaviour
• the kidneys. Increased blood pressure damages the delicate filtration system of the kidney.
• the heart. The heart has to work harder to push the blood out into the body and the heart muscle thickens and becomes less efficient. Sometimes the heart goes out of rhythm or we hear a murmur with the stethoscope. Affected cats may show signs of heart failure such as breathlessness, lethargy, weakness or fainting.

How do we detect hypertension?

We measure the blood pressure of all cats over 9 years old as part of the regular seniors’ examination. We also check the blood pressure of all cats with kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, or with any signs of eye, brain or heart disease. 

Most cats tolerate the cat sized cuffs we put on their arms. Some don’t like the feel of the gel or the sound of the amplifier we use to hear the pulse. We try to put them at ease so that we get an accurate reading.

How do we treat hypertension?

A daily dose of amlopidine as a fragment of tablet (Norvasc), or as chicken, fish, cheese or beef flavoured drops to put on the food, brings the blood pressure down rapidly.

After a week on amlopidine we recheck the blood pressure to see if it has come down to normal. If all goes well we recheck it every 3 months. 

Sometimes other medications like benazepril (Fortekor or Vetace) are added in, particularly if we detect kidney disease.

Hairballs or asthma?

At first Gus's carer thought he had hair balls. So did the friends she asked. He gagged and convulsed and brought up froth. She gave him some laxative paste.

Everything in the litter tray seemed normal and for a while Gus seemed OK.

When she rushed off to work he was curled up on the lounge in the sun room as usual. 

But the gagging started up again, especially at night. She noticed that he wasn’t eating all his dinner and sometimes stopped he stopped in the middle of the gagging and breathed heavily.

One night he crept on to the end of the bed and wheezed and gasped for breath until she was sure he was choking to death. 

Next morning she rushed him into us. We X-rayed his chest and found a very hazy lung and signs of chronic bronchitis.

We took samples from Gus’s lungs and found he had pneumonia. Gus had developed an airway and lung infection on top of the chronic bronchitis. 

Cats get asthma and bronchitis, just like humans do. For some it is worse when there are lots of pollens blowing about, for others being cooped up inside with the stagnant air and dust mites in winter set the wheezing and coughing off.

His carer remembered that he had always had a bit of a wheeze, especially in spring and early summer. She hadn’t thought much of it.

It is very easy to confuse coughing with vomiting or regurgitation. Usually food or bile will come up at some stage with vomiting. Vomiting cats often lose their appetite or have diarrhoea as well. Coughing cats don’t go off their food unless they develop an infection as well.

Some asthmatic cats have life threatening breathing difficulties if they are not treated adequately. If you notice your cat coughing, gagging, breathing with difficulty, especially with the mouth open and the neck extended, contact your vet.

Check out Fritz the Brave for more information or for reliable support and information if your cat has asthma or bronchitis.


Gus is back to his irascible self after a long course of antibiotics. He's getting used to a puffer and spacer, and quite likes all the attention we give him. 

Ten reasons to adopt a cat

1.You'll have a lot to choose from.

2. Kittens are easier than puppies, and equally ADORABLE. 

3. It’s about time you started the longest relationship you’ll ever have.

4. It’s time to neaten up those electrical cords anyway.

5. Kittens are much better entertainment than “real” housewives from anywhere, vampire dramas, and (lack of) talent shows.

6. You need to improve your skills at photographing things in perpetual motion.

7. Kittens find you attractive even when you’re wearing sweatpants and have bad hair.

8. The cat you already have is bored, sedentary, or getting too big for his britches.

9. You’re bored, sedentary, or getting too big for your britches.

10. It’s never a bad time to make unconditional love a part of your life.

from CATalyst

A new cat in the family?

Tips for Introducing a New Cat into Your  Feline Family 

 CATalyst Council, a group of  animal health and welfare organizations working on behalf of cats, has a great list of tips to make the introduction a little smoother for all concerned:

1. Before you bring a new cat home, prepare a room where the newcomer can be comfortable and separate from your other cats. Ensure the room has a litter box, water and food containers, a comfortable place to relax and toys. Keep the door to this room shut for a day or so to allow your new furry friend to get used to being in a new place. This will also allow your existing cats to smell around the door and get used to the idea of a new cat in the house.

2. Periodically switch out a blanket or pillow in the room where the new cat is being kept with one from another room of your home. This will allow all cats to smell each other and get used to the others’ scents. 

3. Slowly start allowing the new cat and your other cat(s) to see each other using a baby gate or other similar device, which will keep them separate and allow you to supervise their interactions. Praise the cats when they are being curious about one another (try using treats, a favorite toy or petting) to help them realize that their new friend is a wonderful thing and not a threat. 

4. When all cats seem comfortable with each other, try allowing them to meet without the baby gate, but only under your supervision. Again, use treats (praise, petting, toys or treats) to reinforce how great it is to have a new friend in the house.

5. When they all seem to be getting along well under your supervision, allow the new cat to come out and explore your whole house without supervision. 

Pale and wan

In the last few weeks we have seen several anaemic cats. Their carers brought them in because they sensed something was wrong but they weren’t sure what. 

All of the cats had gone off their food and were a bit quieter than usual. Anaemic dogs

are more lethargic than normal, but it’s hard to tell if a cat is lethargic, especially in winter!

On examination we found the cats’ gums were paler than usual and ordered a blood count. All of them had red cell counts that would have humans gasping for an oxygen mask. Cats are definitely experts at conserving energy and hiding any illness.

The youngest kitten had found a tasty box of rat poison, which stops the blood from clotting normally. He had bled into his chest and was having difficulty breathing. The direct antidote and a few days in hospital soon had him back on the prowl.

The pathologist found some blood parasites called Hemoplasmas in a blood smear from a four year old Burmese named Chloe. Rest and a course of antibiotics soon had Chloe in the pink again.

Old Jester was not so lucky. His vet found that he had an enlarged liver. When we took a sample of the liver we found cancer cells. He had bled into his abdomen. Chronic diseases like cancer also suppress the bone marrow where blood cells are made. 

Old timer Lord Wellington had kidney disease. Cats with kidney disease are often anaemic. Wellie is on a special diet for his kidneys, which has bought him several extra years of life so far. He is comfortable with his moderate anaemia at the moment as he has had time to compensate for it. Anaemia of kidney disease is difficult and expensive to treat but his carers are considering his options at the moment. 

Blood transfusions in cats are always a risky business. Both donor and recipient have to be exactly the same blood type. We also cross match the bloods because some cats react even to their own blood type. On most occasions we can avoid a transfusion if we keep the patient quiet and unstressed for a few days.

If you think something is not quite right with your feline friend you are probably right! We always take your gut feelings seriously so don’t hesitate to call us. Better to catch dropping blood counts early than let your cat suffer.

DON'T feed the man meat...

Kittens on all meat diets soon get thin bones. 

Young Rolly’s arm broke last week when he jumped off the couch. It was not very far down from the couch, especially for an energetic 4 month old kitten.

When we looked at his X-rays we were horrified to find that his bones had less calcium in them than his muscles.

Rolly prefers plain meat so his owner had been feeding him just that - chicken breast, beef mince and the occasional chunk of liver. 

No meat has enough calcium in it for growing bones. The ratio of calcium to phosphate is completely upside down causing the body to mobilise calcium from bones for essential organ function.

Specialty kitten diets have extra calcium and protein in them. The calcium and phosphorous are in the correct ratio to support bone growth and organ function.

While I recommend that all kittens should taste a variety of meats so that they are not fussy later on, kitten foods of all kinds should be the mainstay of a kitten’s diet. 

Once they are adults cats can have more meat. Meat strips and chunks keep adult cats’ teeth clean and healthy.

Rolly is on a good quality kitten food and a calcium supplement to strengthen his bones. He also sports a smart fluoro green cast on his left arm.

Herpesvirus and sore eyes

Two cats with sore eyes came to visit this morning. Meeka is a bouncy 8 week old Burmese. Jafar is a more sedate, but no less fun-loving, 7 year old Himalayan.

Meeka came from a breeder last weekend and has just developed a bit of a crusty discharge in the corner of both eyes. When I had a close look his eyes were a bit red and more watery than normal.

Jafar has episodes of red weepy eyes every few months. He is a bit of a stress-head and the episodes seem to correspond with changes in the household like a new house, visitors or an intruder cat in the yard.

They are both showing signs of feline herpesvirus infection. Meeka’s infection may progress to a runny nose and sinusitis or she may throw it off and never have another episode. If she goes off her food or is lethargic we will prescribe antibiotics for secondary infections.

Herpesvirus in Jafar hides in a nerve ganglion and just comes out when he is stressed. The conjunctivitis is a bit painful so we recommend artificial tears to keep the eye well lubricated. He is also taking an antiviral drug to try and reduce the viral load and conjunctivitis.

The other cat in Jafar’s household must have developed an immunity to the virus as she has never shown signs even when Jafar is shedding virus everywhere.

We keep a close watch on Jafar’s eye because herpesvirus can cause ulceration of the cornea, the window of the eye, and occasionally loss of the eye.

Cat medicine study

Sorry posts to Hall Cat Vet have been sparse lately. I have been studying an intensive cat medicine course this year and Cleo has been very strict with me. Here she is supervising my nutrition study.
The good news is that she thinks my knowledge is now adequate and I will have more time for translating it onto Hall Cat Vet now!

Feline’s superior taste

Have you ever wondered why cats are not interested in chocolate cake, doughnuts or jelly beans? Recent research has found that they don’t have the taste buds for sweetness.

Researchers found that carnivores like cats have lost the gene that encodes the taste buds for sweetness. This is because their diet is primarily animal-based rather than plant-based. 

The missing gene is necessary for successful utilization of plant material.  In human beings and other omnivores, and in herbivores the missing gene codes for the taste receptors for sweets of plant origin like fruits and berries.

Because cats have a mainly animal-based protein diet the genes for the missing enzyme were not selected for and so they evolved without it.  

Other affected species included dolphins, sea lions, seals, otters, and hyenas. It appears that the ability to taste sweets has been lost in most carnivorous species. I guess they’ll never know what they’re missing.